• In the short term, markets often experience heightened volatility. Uncertainty around trade, energy markets and global supply chains can lead to sharp price swings

• Over the longer term, equity markets have historically recovered and moved higher. Wars can stimulate certain industries such as defense, manufacturing and infrastructure. Governments often implement policies designed to support economic stability and recovery.

Historical perspective and recovery timelines:

• During World War II, U.S. stocks dropped sharply following the attack on Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The decline was relatively brief; by mid-1942 markets had stabilized, and by 1943 equities were trending higher. The S&P 500 then moved into a multi-year expansion that continued through the post-war economic boom.

• During the Gulf War, the S&P 500 declined roughly 15–17% between July and October 1990 as oil prices spiked and uncertainty increased. Once the U.S.-led coalition began military operations in January 1991, markets recovered quickly. Within about six months of the market low, equities had regained their losses and continued advancing through the early 1990s expansion.

• During the Iraq War, markets had already been under pressure due to the bursting of the tech bubble and broader economic uncertainty. The S&P 500 bottomed in March 2003, almost exactly when the invasion began, and rose more than 25% over the following 12 months. That recovery marked the beginning of a broader bull market that lasted until 2007.